Exegesis Spatial Data Management

 

A Guide to the Ordnance Survey Archaeological Records

Our HBSMR application is for collecting and managing Historic Environment Record (HER) data, usually as the permanent inventory for an area, and sometimes for short-term data collection or research initiatives.

Historic Environment Records evolved from the County "Sites and Monuments Records" that developed in the 1970s and 1980s, often pioneering the use of the emerging database technologies of the day. These "SMRs" in turn owe their origins to the records collected by the Ordnance Survey ("OS"), driven by O.G.S. Crawford in the 1920s and 1930s, which used a systematic method of cataloguing sites on index cards and 1:10,000 (or earlier 1 mile=6") map sheets. 

This fascinating guide to the Ordnance Survey records was recently found in the records of the Somerset Archaeological Society. It was presumably distributed by Ordnance Survey whenever they sent out copies of the cards.

The guide

THE ORDNANCE SURVEY'S ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS

A. INTRODUCTION

The records consist of 8" x 5" index cards ('Record Cards') which give information about antiquities, and 1:10,000/1:10,560 maps ('Record Sheets') on which the sites of the antiquities are marked. The Record Card is described under B, the Record Sheet under C, and under D is a Glossary of the common abbreviations used on both cards and sheets.

B. THE RECORD CARD

The component parts of the current record card are as in Fig 1 below. There were some differences on older cards though the same purposes were served. The main differences are noted in the explanation.

Fig 1

 

1. ANTIQUITY NUMBER

This consists of the National grid number of the 1:10,000/10,560 sheet within which the antiquity falls (eg TQ 37 SW) plus a serial number within that sheet (eg TQ 37 SW 4), and used in its full form identifies the antiquity uniquely. The serial numbers are simply allotted consecutively as each record is compiled, and consequently have no bearing on where the site falls within the sheet, nor any typological significance.

There can also be subsidiary number (eg TQ 37 SW 4.1), used when a component part of an antiquity is allotted a card to itself.

There can in addition be a 'Miscellaneous Information card' for any sheet. This gives very brief information on items of marginal interest which fall on the sheet, and there is only one such card (or card series) for each sheet. It is identified by the sheet number plus a bracketed 'M' (e.g. TQ 37 SW (M)).

2. COUNTY

The name of the county at the date of the last entry. Abbreviations are those adopted by the Ordnance Survey.

3. PARISH

The name of the civil parish at the date of the last entry.

4. CLASSIFICATION

Abbreviations of the archaeological period(s) within which the subject(s) of a card falls, and also abbreviations to show that the period is unestablished, or that the subject of the record not an antiquity (within OS specification). The abbreviations and their meanings are given in the glossary under D below.

5. SPARE

Reserved for future extension of the classification.

6. PAGE NUMBER

The card side number whenever the record extends over than one card side.

7. SCHEDULING

The letter 'S' is entered when the antiquity is scheduled as an Ancient Monument by the Department Of the Environment. On old cards, scheduling was mentioned as text information and authorized. 'S's have not been comprehensively entered, and the lack of an 'S' is no guarantee that the antiquity is unscheduled.

8. SITING SUMARY

A Map-reference of the latest established site or find-spot of the antiquity, whenever this is known to at least a six-figure accuracy (i.e. to within about 100 metres). When siting is less precisely known, the name of the town, village or other place associated with it is entered with a four-figure reference. On old cards the siting summary was in the space serving for both purposes.

9. TYPOLOGY SUMMARY

A brief summary of the (latest established) nature of the antiquity in modern terms, taken from the information recorded, and accounting for each item in the record which has a different period classification.

10. PUBLICATION DIRECTION

Direction (for internal use) as to whether the antiquity is to be published on standard basic scale map, and if so the form the name should take and the type character to be used.

11. TEXT

The information necessary to demonstrate the siting, nature and condition of the antiquity (or to give as much as possible towards those ends), taken from whatever sources provide it, these sources being shown in the adjoining 'Authorities' part - see 12 below. The information can be entered either 'objectively' (i.e. by separate precis from each source) or 'subjectively' (i.e. by a single entry compiled from as many sources as are necessary), or by a mixture of these methods.

Normally the record will start with the objective entry of an Ordnance Survey publication. In subjective entries references are given to the various sources by use of the author's name or bracketed numbers. In objective entries the whole of the text is attributed to a single authority. The recorder can himself make interpolated comments, or even a separate entry of his own opinions. Field reports are always attributable to the Field Investigator himself unless otherwise stated.

12. AUTHORITIES

Each authority (source) consulted and used is given a number. With objective recording this number, with the title of the authority concerned, is positioned opposite the top line of the relevant text entry. With subjective recording, the numbers and authority titles are listed in sequence without interval, the first being opposite the first line of the text entry.

Secondary authorities (or sub-references) are lettered in lower case, and this lettering is in sequence throughout any one record (i.e. letters are not repeated even though under a different primary authority). Secondary authorities are only noted when they make necessary contributions but do not need to be used as primary authorities; it should therefore be appreciated that the primary authorities contain references which are not noted on the record cards. Secondary authorities may in fact have been consulted by the recorder, but the implication of the identification by lower case letters is that they have not. The recorder responsible for entries is identified by R1, R2 etc, with his initials and date, entered opposite the line of the last entry. The Field Investigator is similarly identified by F1, F2 etc, entered opposite the top line of his field report (and covering any recording between that entry and the last recorder's ascription). In the field reports informants are usually treated as secondary authorities, but they can be given separate entries as primary authorities. On old cards Recorders were designated 'OR' and Field Investigators FI and full names were given.

References dealing with relevant typology, but not with the specific antiquity which is the subject of a record, are mentioned in the text, not the Authorities compartment.

13. ILLUSTRATIONS

Illustrations are mounted on separate 'Illustration Cards' numbered in the same way as the record cards. The illustrations may be air photographs, ground photographs, diagrams, plans, or surveys, and they are folded to size if necessary. The photographs do not reproduce.

All Archaeology Division field surveys are ultimately included as illustrations, but there is delay in annexing them, as they have to pass through drawing stage (for the production of new OS maps) before becoming available.

C. THE RECORD SHEET

An example of the current record sheet marking is given in Fig 2 below. The essential ingredients are:

a. a convention marking the site

b. the antiquity number

c. a typological summary.

There were some differences on older record sheets though the same purposes were served. The main differences are noted in the explanations.

Ordnance Survey Archaeology Record Sheet Fig2
Fig 2 (Examples fictitious)

 

1. SITE MARKING

Various markings are used, and on the master copy record sheets different colours are also employed for further refinement. But the main purposes of the record sheets are to serve as indices to the record cards and to record the sites of antiquities topographically, and these purposes are just as well served by monochrome copies. All that is lost are certain nuances of siting and typology useful for quick reference but fully covered on the record cards.

The markings are: Crosses, Published detail, Sketched outline, Bands, Linear markings and Broken linear markings.

The following explanations deal with their monochrome fom only, so more than one meaning sometimes attaches to a single convention. The separate implications however can be readily clarified by reference to the record cards.

Crosses

a. Accurate find-spot or site, whether or not extant (Ex 5).

b. Inaccurate site or find spot (Ex 1).

c. Centre of an extensive antiquity when the outline cannot be properly recovered (Ex 11). 

Published detail

This is normally left to stand by itself (Exs 9, 2.1) but it can be shaded or blocked in when it is necessary to distinguish it from adjacent features (Ex 12). 

Sketched outline

This is used in preference to a cross for large antiquities which are not published on the record sheet (Ex 10).

Bands

a. Defining a group of antiquities treated on a single record card (Ex 4).

b. Defining the known outline of a feature or site with no perimeter feature (eg a DMV) (Ex 2).

c. Defining the area within which an antiquity occurs, when that area is already defined by published detail, such as hedges (Ex 7).

Linear Markings

The course of a linear antiquity; including extensive enclosure banks etc such as park pales (Exs RR46, Lin 21).

Broken linear markings

The course of a linear antiquity when uncertain (Ex RR46).

2. ANTIQUITY NUMBERS

A plain number in a circle is the number allotted to the record card. It should be noted that to identify the antiquity uniquely the sheet number must be added to this (Exs 1-12).

A decimalised number in a circle refers to a subsidiary record (cf B 1 above) (Ex 2.1).

A smaller number in brackets applies to miscellaneous information (cf B 1 above) (Ex (1)).

The entry of a number in the east margin of the sheet conveys that the antiquity concerned probably falls on that sheet but cannot be sited with any accuracy (Exs 6, 8).

A full number in brackets entered in the margin adjacent to the marking of an antiquity which extends over the edge shows that the card is allotted to the adjacent sheet (Ex (TQ 37 NW6), in north margin).

Linear antiquities are numbered according to a separate Linear system, which is not controlled by sheets. Roman Roads are given the Margary numbers ('Roman Roads in Britain'), otherwise the numbering system is the Ordnance Survey's. Linear numbering is entered on the sheets in brackets, normally along the axis of the Linear (Exs RR46, Lin 21).

3. TYPOLOGICAL SUMMARIES

These are similar to the typological summaries on the record cards (cf B9 above), though they need not be exactly the same.  They are entered on the sheets for convenience and as a safeguarding connection with the record card, additional to the number.

D. GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS USED ON THE ORDNANCE SURVEY'S ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD CARDS AND SHEETS

This is not comprehensive, but should account for the majority of the abbreviations which might be puzzling. It does not account for the book title abbreviations used in the 'Authorities' part of the record card, which should be easily understood, nor for the initials of the compiling staff (see B 12 above) Which are irrelevant to the understanding of the records.

ABBREVIATION MEANING AREA OF OCCURRENCE
(Number of component
part of record card,
as in Fig 1, or 'S')
AAO Assistant Archaeology Officer 12
Acc No Museum Accession number 11
Accn No "              "                "  11
AO Archaeology Officer 12
" Archaeology Division 12
AP Air photograph 11, 12
AS Anglo-Saxon 9, 11, S
AT Antiquity Tpe character 10, 11
Authy Authority 11
BA Bronze Age 4, 9, 11, S
BM British Museum 11
C or c Century 9, 11
c Circa 11
Corr Ordnance Survey arch. correspondent  12
Corr 6" Correspondent's annotated 6" sheet 12
Crem Cremation 9, 11
DA Dark Ages 9, 11, S
DOE Department of the Environment 12
DMV Deserted medieval village 9, 11, S
diss Dissolved (monasteries) 11
EBA Early Bronze Age 9, 11, S
EI Early Industrial 4, S
EIA Early Iron Age 9, 11, S
Ewk Earthwork 9, 11, S
Ed Editor 11, 12
Ed Edition 11, 12
F1, F2 etc First, second, etc OS Arch fd investigator  12
fd Found 11, S
" Founded 11, S
GP Ground photograph 11, 12
GS Gil Sans type character 10, 11
GT German Text type character 10, 11
HHR DOE Historic Houses record 12
IA Iron Age 4, 9, 11, S
IAM DOE Inspectorate of Ancient Monuments 11, 12
Inf Informant, or Information from 12
Inhum Inhumation 9, 11
LB Lutheran Black type character (Obs) 11
LB Long Barrow 11
LBA Late Bronze Age 9, 11, S
Lin Class name for linear feature other than a Roman road  11, S
(M) Miscellaneous Information card 1
MBA Middle Bronze Age 9, 11, S
Md Medieval 9, 11, S
Me Mesolithic 4, 9, 11, S
MHLG Ministry of Housing & Local Govt (Obs) 12
MOW Ministry of Works (Obs) 12
MPBW Ministry of Pub Works & Buildings (Obs) 12
Mus 6" Annotated Museum 6" sheet 12
NAT Non-antiquity type character 10, 11
Ne Neolithic 4, 9, 11, S
NMR National Monument Record 11, 12
NR Non-Roman Type character 10, 11
Occ Occupation 9, 11, S
ONB Ordnance Survey 'Object Name Book' 11, 12
OR Office Recorder (OS staff) (Obs) 12
OS Ordnance Survey 11, 12
P Continue to publish in same form 10
Pa Palaeolithic 4, 9, 11, S
Poss Possible 9, 11, S
PN Post-Norman 4
PR Post-Roman 4
Prob Probably 9, 11, S
Pte 6" Private 6" sheet, annotated 12
R1, R2 etc First, second, etc OS Arch recorder 12
Rec 6" Records 6" (obsolete annotated sheet) 12
Rems Remains of 9, 11, S
RB Romano-British 9, 11, S
R & F Ridge and furrow 9, 11
Ro Roman 4, 9, 11, S
RR Roman Road with Margary number 1, 9, 11, S
RRX Roman Road without Margary number 1, 9, 11, S
S Scheduled by IAM (qv) 7
SS Rev OS Small Scales reviser 12
S/Svyr Senior Surveyor (Archaeology Division) 12
TI Times Italic type character 11
TU Times Upright type character 11
U Period unestablished 4, 9
X Not an antiquity 4
X Do not publish on standard maps 10
     

 

Comments

David Fletcher

re: A Guide to the Ordnance Survey Archaeological Records

02 August 2022

Could you please let me know if the OS record cards are available online?

re: A Guide to the Ordnance Survey Archaeological Records

02 August 2022

@David Fletcher I could be wrong, but I don't believe the record cards themselves are available online, however the information from them is incorporated into the local/regional Historic Environment Records, most of which are accessible online either directly or through the Heritage Gateway. The OS record cards are usually cited as sources.

Adrian Waddelove

re: A Guide to the Ordnance Survey Archaeological Records

01 March 2023

GDB Jones, Archaeology and coastal change in the North-west, in FH Thompson (ed), Archaeology and coastal change (1980, Soc of Antiq), 99 states "large timbers, presumably the piling of the [Roman] quay"  at Prestatyn are noted in the OS record cards.  There seems to be no mention of these in the Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust's  HER for Denbighshire - can anyone advise as to where they might be held?

Chris Watdle

re: OS Archaeologyical Records

31 October 2023

The record ought to be incorporated, and perhaps even expanded on, in the local Historic Environment Record (HER). I don’t know what the relevant might be, but I am sure you can find out.

https://www.esdm.co.uk/a-guide-to-the-ordnance-survey-archaeological-records